Final verdict
Looking over 000webhost vs. Fastcomet, it’s clear why both hosts are so popular. They have both hosted millions of
websites that run on WordPress for decades, building up a loyal customer base.
-
FastComet (Overall grade: 7.7)
provides a comprehensive suite of services, including cloud, VPS, and dedicated hosting, which make it ideal for high-traffic websites, ecommerce, and agencies. Standout features include exceptional uptime, proactive monitoring, and automated recovery services. Advanced hardware technology such as AMD EPYC™ processors and NVMe SSDs ensures faster load times and superior performance. FastComet’s extensive CDN integration, enhanced security measures like Imunify360, and a variety of useful tools make it a tier above many competitors. However, the slightly higher cost for premium plans might not be suitable for budget-conscious users.
000webhost (Overall grade: 6.4)
is known for its free hosting service that offers a good starting point for beginners or anyone looking to test their website without incurring costs. It includes essential features like a free website builder, SSL for subdomains, and cPanel access. While 000webhost provides adequate performance, its free plan caps bandwidth and displays watermarks, which can be restrictive. It doesn’t support advanced hosting options like VPS or dedicated servers, and lacks the high-speed optimizations found in FastComet. For those needing more robust features, upgrading to a paid plan is necessary, which closes the gap in competitiveness.
Overall grade:6.4 |
Overall grade:7.7 |
|
---|---|---|
Uptime and Availability | 5.3 | 9.1 |
Hosting Performance | 8.2 | 9.2 |
Hosting Security | 7.8 | 8.6 |
Price | 8.4 | 8.8 |
Hosting Features | 6.9 | 8.2 |
Ease Of Setup | 6.8 | 8.6 |
User Management | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Customer Support | 8.0 | 9.2 |
User feedback | 3.9/5 | 4.5/5 |
Hosting types offered
Both platforms provide a variety of hosting types, each designed to meet the different needs of users.
Shared hosting | ||
Cloud hosting | ||
WordPress hosting | ||
Ecommerce hosting | ||
VPS hosting | ||
Dedicated hosting |
Although both offer a variety of hosting plans tailored to different needs, in certain cases, one platform may prove to be more suitable.
Detailed comparison
Uptime and availability
Evaluates the average uptime statistics, uptime guarantee and overall availability of the hosting
provider
Score Components:
- Uptime percentage (30%): evaluates the uptime statistics in given period of time
- Uptime guarantee (20%): Assesses if the platform offers an uptime guarantee and
whether the actual uptime matches the promised guarantee. - General performance (25%): Evaluates how fast is the average response time and overall
it’s stability. - Responsiveness (10%): Adaptability to different devices and screen sizes.
- Availability (25%): Reflects the total downtime and number of outages.
🏆 Winner FastComet: Exceptional uptime and proactive monitoring.
FastComet shows a slightly superior performance in terms of reliability and speed. Both hosting services have impressive uptimes, with FastComet slightly edging out Example hosting one with a 99.99% uptime over a 3-month period compared to Example hosting one’s 99.89%. This difference in uptime is reflected in the number and duration of outages, where FastComet experienced 3 outages totaling 12 minutes, while Example hosting one had 5 outages totaling 2h 12 minutes.
FastComet’s advantage is more pronounced in terms of server response time. It boasted an average response time of 389ms, which is significantly lower than the shared hosting industry standard and faster than Example hosting one’s average response time of 670ms, which can peak up to 1152ms. This suggests that FastComet is not only more reliable in maintaining uptime but also in delivering faster website loading speeds, making it a preferable option for users prioritizing performance.
Hosting performance
Score Components:
- Hosting speed (30%): This includes SSD quality, Load times, PageSpeed score ranges,
additional information on website speed, built-in plugins for performance enhancement, available caching
methods, and CPU/RAM options - CDN (20%): Considers whether CDN is available or not, whether it’s free or paid, and
the quality of the CDN service - Available data centers (30%): Evaluates the number of data centers and their locations
globally. - Scalibility (20%): Looks at whether elastic scaling is available, the process required
to scale (manual upgrade vs. automatic scaling), the presence of dedicated servers, and the costs
associated with scaling.
🏆 Winner
FastComet: For users who prioritize speed and advanced technological infrastructure, Sitrground is more suitable for high-demand websites that require reliable and fast global access.
FastComet and FastComet both offer SSD storage and free CDN integration to enhance hosting performance and speed. FastComet, however, showcases faster load times with a heavyweight theme clocked at 1.69 seconds, compared to FastComet’s 4.85 seconds. FastComet operates 11 global data centers, which surpasses FastComet’s six, potentially offering better local loading speeds and content delivery. Moreover, FastComet’s technology is more up-to-date, which may contribute to its superior performance.
Website Speed
FastComet’s website speed is notably superior due to its hardware and software stack. Features like LiteSpeed Enterprise, WordPress LiteSpeed Cache (LSCWP), and NVMe SSDs ensure that websites hosted on FastComet load significantly faster. FastComet also integrates CloudFlare CDN, which enhances content delivery speed worldwide. In contrast, 000Webhost offers multiple PHP versions and cache management, but the overall website speed doesn’t match FastComet’s advanced optimizations.
Scalability
When it comes to scalability, FastComet provides more flexible options compared to 000Webhost. FastComet supports seamless scalability for CPU, RAM, and storage with no downtime, allowing performance upgrades with just one click. The specifics about 000Webhost’s scaling process are not as clear, leaving it uncertain whether upgrades are as straightforward. FastComet’s plans start as low as $1.79 per month for the Starter plan, scaling up to $4.99 per month for the Extra plan. This makes FastComet both affordable and highly scalable, ensuring resources grow alongside your website’s demands.
Hosting security
and regulatory requirements
Score Components:
- Technical security measures (40%): This includes encryption, firewalls, DDoS
protection, secure configurations, server monitoring, access control and availability of security addons
(e.g Sitelock security). - Operational security measures (30%): Encompasses data privacy, backups and data
redundancy. - Compliance and certifications (20%): Adherence to legal and regulatory requirements
(e.g., GDPR, HIPAA) and possession of certifications (e.g., ISO 27001, SOC 2). - Business and reliability (10%): Factors in the provider’s reputation, uptime
guarantees, and customer support.
🏆 Winner FastComet: Offers full-fledged security features including advanced malware protection and comprehensive backup solutions.
Both 000Webhost and FastComet have notable differences in their approaches to technical and operational
security, as well as in their compliance with regulations.
Technical security measures:
000Webhost and FastComet have robust technical security measures. 000Webhost provides SSL certificates for their subdomains, multiple PHP versions, malware scanners, and DDoS protection. FastComet, however, stands out with unlimited Let’s Encrypt SSL certificates, daily malware scans, and Cloudflare DNS and DDoS protection. Additionally, FastComet’s Imunify360 platform includes detailed protections such as traffic monitoring and CAPTCHA verification for enhanced security.
Operational security measures:
Both hosting providers emphasize operational security but with different approaches. 000Webhost automatically collects log data and device information for diagnostics and utilizes advanced firewalls monitored by a dedicated admin team. FastComet incorporates full account isolation using CloudLinux, offers Imunify360 for botnet blocking, and has off-site backups ensuring data safety. Furthermore, FastComet’s SpamExperts provides efficient email filtering, which is a notable operational security advantage.
Compliance and certifications:
000Webhost adheres to GDPR and processes personal data according to the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Frameworks. FastComet also complies with GDPR, provides domain privacy under GDPR protection, and ensures data security for EEA customers. For PCI compliance, 000Webhost uses third-party payment processors and does not store credit card information. FastComet’s extensive suite of security features suggests a high level of compliance, although PCI compliance is not explicitly mentioned.
SSL certificate |
Provided for subdomains |
Unlimited Let’s Encrypt certificates |
Additional security features |
Cloudflare protected nameservers, malware scanner |
Imunify360, SpamExperts, daily off-site backups |
PHP versions |
Multiple versions |
8.2, 8.1, 8.0, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.1, 7.0, 5.6 |
GDPR compliance |
Yes |
Yes |
HIPAA compliance |
Not specified |
Not specified |
PCI compliance |
Yes (via third-party processors) |
Not specified |
Hosting features
Score Components:
- Domains (20%): Assesses the availability of a free domain, domain purchase options, and
pricing - Email (15%): Considers if the provider offers full email hosting, or is reselling
third-party service, and if the email is only transactional or not - Website builder (15%): Checks if website builder is available, and it’s user
friendliness and overall the level of customization allowed. - Staging environment (20%): Determines if a staging environment is available, allowing
for testing changes before going live. - FTP & SFTP accounts (10%): Evaluates if and how easily users can access FTP and
SFTP accounts - Git and SSH access (20%): Assess whether Git is integrated into the hosting service and
if SSH access is provided
🏆 Winner 000Webhost: Offers extensive features suitable for users seeking both free and premium hosting options.
Both 000Webhost and FastComet bring a range of features that cater to different user needs. 000Webhost’s free plan includes essential tools such as a free website builder with numerous templates, free SSL for subdomains, and access to cPanel. For those looking to upgrade, their Premium and Business plans offer significant storage, unlimited bandwidth, and advanced WordPress features. FastComet, on the other hand, emphasizes ease of management with CPanel and automatic updates, while also providing a free domain name with every account, a free SSL certificate, daily offsite backups, and CDN integration powered by Cloudflare. The standout feature here is the automated daily optimization reports, guiding users towards better performance.
When it comes to the website builders, 000Webhost provides robust customization options with their no-code, drag-and-drop builder, and AI-powered creation tools in their premium plans. FastComet includes a cPanel-integrated WordPress toolkit that covers mass management, staging, and cloning, which may appeal to more technically inclined users. Both hosts offer excellent customer support and security features, but 000Webhost’s marketing tools, such as AI copywriting and heatmaps, may be the tipping point for businesses looking to scale.
Free domain |
No |
Yes |
Free SSL |
Yes, for 000webhost subdomains |
Yes |
Email hosting |
No (Free Email with Premium/Business) |
Yes |
Website builder |
Free, No-Code, Drag&Drop, AI |
No (WordPress Toolkit only) |
Staging environment |
Yes, in Premium/Business |
Yes |
FTP & SFTP accounts |
Yes |
Yes |
Git and SSH access |
Yes |
Yes |
Free backup |
Yes, daily in Business plan |
Yes, up to 30 daily offsite |
Money back guarantee |
Yes, 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee |
No explicit mention |
a location.
As a result in rare cases the features mentioned here can differ from the ones you see on their websites.
Email services at 000Webhost includes email hosting as part of its Premium and Business plans, allowing users to manage their email campaigns efficiently. FastComet also offers robust email hosting capabilities with unlimited email accounts in all their plans. Both providers do not particularly emphasize transactional emails but include essential security features to protect user email communications.
Price
Score Components:
- Plan value (40%): What each pricing tier offers.
- Transparency and clarity (30%): Clearness of pricing structures.
- Flexibility of plans (20%): Range of options to suit different budgets.
- Hidden costs (10%): Additional expenses not included in the plan.
🏆 Winner FastComet: FastComet scores slightly higher overall, mainly due to the robust features included in their plans and the transparency of what’s included.
Evaluating the pricing of plans among various hosting providers can be complex due to their differing pricing and renewal strategies. Additionally, certain plans require annual commitments, which adds to the difficulty of making comparisons. The prices listed are based on monthly commitments; plans requiring annual commitments are indicated. Additionally, although some providers offer identical plans for WordPress and shared hosting, we have created separate tables for each to enhance clarity.
Hostinger offers a range of affordable plans starting from free web hosting to premium shared hosting options. Their most basic option, Single Shared Hosting, starts at $1.99 per month with renewal at $3.99 and includes features such as 50 GB SSD storage and a free domain. FastComet, on the other hand, provides an affordable entry point with its Starter Plan at just $1.79/month, rising to $8.95/month upon renewal, offering 10 GB SSD storage. Both providers offer extensive features such as daily backups, free SSL certificates, and managed WordPress hosting, but FastComet includes more robust immediate features in their higher-tier plans, justifying the cost difference.
Single Shared Hosting $3.99
1 website, 50 GB SSD storage, unlimited bandwidth, free SSL, free domain, managed WordPress, eCommerce features, 24/7 support, AI tools, SEO tools, 150 templates Value for price:8.0
|
Starter Plan $8.95
1 website, 10 GB SSD storage, free SSL, free domain registration and transfer, secure off-site daily backups, 24/7 support, cPanel control, one-click installer Value for price:7.5
|
Premium Web Hosting $7.99
100 websites, 100 GB SSD storage, unlimited bandwidth, free SSL, free domain, managed WordPress, eCommerce features, 24/7 support, AI tools, SEO tools, 150 templates Value for price:8.5
|
Essential Plan $11.95
1 website, 20 GB SSD storage, free SSL, free domain registration and transfer, secure off-site daily backups, 24/7 support, cPanel control, one-click installer, more resources than Starter Value for price:8.0
|
Business Web Hosting $8.99
100 websites, 200 GB NVMe storage, unlimited bandwidth, free SSL, free domain, managed WordPress, WooCommerce optimization, 24/7 support, AI tools, SEO tools, 150 templates Value for price:9.0
|
Plus Plan $17.95
Unlimited websites, 30 GB SSD storage, free SSL, free domain registration and transfer, secure off-site daily backups, 24/7 support, cPanel control, one-click installer, more resources than Essential Value for price:8.5
|
Free Web Hosting $0.00
1 website, 300 MB SSD storage, limited bandwidth (3 GB), free SSL for subdomains, managed WordPress, daily backups, 24/7 support Value for price:9.0
|
Extra Plan $24.95
Unlimited websites, 40 GB SSD storage, free SSL, free domain registration and transfer, secure off-site daily backups, 24/7 support, cPanel control, one-click installer, more resources than Plus Value for price:8.5
|
Single Shared Hosting $3.99
1 website, 50 GB SSD storage, unlimited bandwidth, free SSL, free domain, managed WordPress, eCommerce features, 24/7 support, AI tools, SEO tools, 150 templates Value for price:8.0
|
Starter Plan $8.95
1 website, 10 GB SSD storage, free SSL, free domain registration and transfer, secure off-site daily backups, 24/7 support, cPanel control, one-click installer Value for price:7.5
|
Premium Web Hosting $7.99
100 websites, 100 GB SSD storage, unlimited bandwidth, free SSL, free domain, managed WordPress, eCommerce features, 24/7 support, AI tools, SEO tools, 150 templates Value for price:8.5
|
Essential Plan $11.95
1 website, 20 GB SSD storage, free SSL, free domain registration and transfer, secure off-site daily backups, 24/7 support, cPanel control, one-click installer, more resources than Starter Value for price:8.0
|
Business Web Hosting $8.99
100 websites, 200 GB NVMe storage, unlimited bandwidth, free SSL, free domain, managed WordPress, WooCommerce optimization, 24/7 support, AI tools, SEO tools, 150 templates Value for price:9.0
|
Plus Plan $17.95
Unlimited websites, 30 GB SSD storage, free SSL, free domain registration and transfer, secure off-site daily backups, 24/7 support, cPanel control, one-click installer, more resources than Essential Value for price:8.5
|
Free Web Hosting $0.00
1 website, 300 MB SSD storage, limited bandwidth (3 GB), free SSL for subdomains, managed WordPress, daily backups, 24/7 support Value for price:9.0
|
Extra Plan $24.95
Unlimited websites, 40 GB SSD storage, free SSL, free domain registration and transfer, secure off-site daily backups, 24/7 support, cPanel control, one-click installer, more resources than Plus Value for price:8.5
|
N/A
|
Cloud 1 Plan $65.95
Unlimited websites, 50 GB SSD storage, free SSL, DDoS protection, daily backups, 24/7 support, free domain transfer and setup Value for price:8.2
|
N/A
|
Cloud 2 Plan $76.95
Unlimited websites, 80 GB SSD storage, free SSL, DDoS protection, daily backups, 24/7 support, free domain transfer and setup Value for price:8.5
|
N/A
|
Cloud 3 Plan $98.95
Unlimited websites, 160 GB SSD storage, free SSL, DDoS protection, daily backups, 24/7 support, free domain transfer and setup Value for price:9.0
|
N/A
|
Cloud 4 Plan $153.95
Unlimited websites, 320 GB SSD storage, free SSL, DDoS protection, daily backups, 24/7 support, free domain transfer and setup Value for price:9.2
|
As a result in rare cases the prices displayed here can differ from the ones you see on their websites.
Enterprise plans
Hostinger’s enterprise plans, especially their Business Web Hosting, offer extensive features at reasonable rates, with increased performance and daily backups being key highlights. FastComet’s dedicated CPU servers provide a more expansive range of resources, with plans scaling up to 56 CPU cores, catering to large-scale enterprise needs. Their enterprise offerings include dedicated support and advanced security features, delivering significant value for businesses with intensive hosting requirements.
Ease of setup
platform.
Score Components:
- Site migration (25%): Assesses whether the provider offers tools for site migration,
either automated or manual, and whether these services are free or require a fee. - Admin panel usability (35%): Evaluates the type of admin panel provided, such as the
standard cPanel or a custom solution, focusing on its accessibility and user-friendliness for both
technical and non-technical users. - Setup features (20%): Examines the availability and ease of use of various setup
features, including FTP accounts, file managers, email account setup, PHPMyAdmin, and easy CDN
configuration. - Help center quality (20%): Measures the quality and accessibility of the provider’s
help center resources, including articles and tutorials.
🏆 Winner
FastComet: Comprehensive features and top-notch support.
000Webhost utilizes a straightforward admin panel, which includes essential tools such as FTP access, WordPress setup, and a website builder for those without coding knowledge. This makes it accessible to both technical and non-technical users. While the interface is intuitive, it is somewhat limited compared to more advanced control panels. FastComet, on the other hand, offers cPanel, a well-known and feature-rich control panel that provides extensive management capabilities. This includes easy access to over 450 apps via a one-click marketplace. The familiar cPanel interface is user-friendly for both beginners and experienced users, offering a more robust environment for site management.
When it comes to site migration, FastComet stands out by offering express transfer services, ensuring a seamless transition with no downtime. This service is free and available for all plans, which makes switching hosts hassle-free. 000Webhost also supports site transfers but relies primarily on manual processes guided by their knowledge base, requiring more effort from the user. The availability of easy migration tools gives FastComet a clear edge in this aspect.
000Webhost provides a comprehensive knowledge base covering topics like account management, file uploads, website building, PHP, and MySQL. These resources are designed to assist users in troubleshooting common issues. FastComet takes support a step further with 3000+ pages of step-by-step tutorials, 24/7 priority support, and live chat. Their knowledge base is well-organized and thorough, making it easier for users to find solutions quickly.
The platforms provide extensive knowledge bases filled with guides, how-to articles, and instructional content. 000Webhost offers a wide range of resources alongside 24/7 chat and phone support. FastComet also boasts a detailed help center with an intuitive search function and around-the-clock support via live chat, phone, and ticketing, ensuring comprehensive user support.
User management
accessibility.
Score Components:
- Role customization (40%): Flexibility in creating and defining user roles and
permissions. - Ease of management (30%): User interface and tools for managing users.
- Access control (20%): Effectiveness of access control measures for different user
levels. - Scalability (10%): Ability to manage a growing number of users efficiently.
🏆 Winner FastComet: Reliable user management features that cater to diverse needs efficiently.
In comparing the user management capabilities of 000Webhost and FastComet, specific details about user roles, permissions, and accessibility are not provided for either host. However, we can infer some general possibilities based on standard hosting practices. Typically, robust user management systems would allow users to create and define various roles with distinct permissions. Flexibility in managing user roles is often crucial for large-scale operations, and given the initial information, none of the platforms show a clear advantage over the other in this aspect. For detailed insights, consulting official documentation or direct inquiries would be necessary.
When it comes to user interfaces and tools for managing users, hosting providers usually offer admin dashboards that simplify these tasks. The efficiency of these dashboards is paramount to ease navigation and use. FastComet and 000Webhost would ideally provide streamlined tools to add, modify, and assign roles to users efficiently. However, without specific data, it is challenging to pinpoint which provider offers a more intuitive or powerful interface. User satisfaction often hinges on the intuitiveness of these tools.
Access control measures are vital for the security and scalability of any hosting solution. Both service providers likely deploy basic access control to protect user accounts and information, such as multi-factor authentication and role-based access control. Effectively managing a growing number of users requires a system that allows for easy scaling and administration without introducing complexity or risk. Given the lack of specific information about their approaches, the appraisal of access control measures remains neutral.
FastComet user roles table:
Role | Description | Access Highlights |
---|---|---|
Administrator | Top-level access for managing resources. | Full access to all settings and controls. |
Developer | Code development and deployment tasks. | Access to code repositories and CI/CD. |
Support | Handling user queries and troubleshooting. | Access to support tickets and knowledge base. |
Analyst | Monitoring and analyzing user activity. | Access to analytics tools and reports. |
User | General access with limited permissions. | Access to personal profile and basic features. |
Customer support
hosting provider.
Score Components:
- Support communication channels (30%): Measures the variety of customer support types
provided (live chat, chatbot, email, phone, etc.) - Availability (20%): Assesses the availability hours for each channel, including 24/7
support options. - Technical support quality (30%): Assesses whether the provider offers comprehensive
technical support, including hardware upgrades (e.g., HDD to SSD), software installations, and web
server configuration changes. - Enterprise support (20%): Checks if there are dedicated or priority support services
for enterprise-level customers.
🏆 Winner
FastComet: FastComet offers superior customer service with quick resolution times and a comprehensive list of features.
Phone support |
||
Live chat support |
||
Chatbot |
||
Email/ticket support |
||
Enterprise support (dedicated agent, priority support) |
000Webhost and FastComet both offer 24/7 customer support, but their services differ in several ways. 000Webhost provides chat and phone support for general inquiries, with designated hours for account verification, renewals, and cancellations. Technical assistance is available from 7 a.m. to midnight EST, via phone or a Help Ticket for email support. They have separate contact numbers for US and international customers. However, some users have reported issues such as slow response times and communication difficulties, often attributed to outsourcing.
On the other hand, FastComet also offers round-the-clock support via live chat, phone, and tickets, with a notable emphasis on providing comprehensive tech support across all plans. On higher-tier plans, FastComet offers advanced technical support, assisting with significant hosting changes like server configurations and software installations. While FastComet generally receives positive feedback, some complaints highlight longer wait times for resolving complex issues, a challenge common in the hosting industry.
User feedback
000webhost is widely appreciated for its free hosting services, making it an excellent choice for beginners and those wanting to test websites without financial commitment. Users commend features like the one-click WordPress installation, PHP and MySQL support, and an intuitive website builder. However, some users find the service slow and restrictive, particularly with bandwidth limits and the presence of watermarks in the free plan. Additionally, the service lacks support for broader frameworks such as Python, and professional features are often disabled unless upgraded to a paid plan.
Fastcomet’s hosting services receive high praise for their reliability, speed, and exceptional customer support. Users appreciate the extensive feature set, user-friendly control panel, and uptime consistency, making it an excellent choice for personal and small business websites. However, some users find the price point to be higher than certain competitors, and a few have encountered issues with disk space limits, email services, and occasional downtime. Overall, Fastcomet is recommended for its robust support and high-quality performance, though potential customers should weigh the cost and specific feature needs.
FAQ
Which platform is better suited for hosting WordPress websites?
Both 000webhost and FastComet offer comprehensive WordPress hosting solutions with advanced tools and features such as WP-CLI, staging, and SSH. While both platforms are tied in terms of WordPress hosting capabilities, the choice depends on the user’s specific requirements like performance and budget.
Which hosting service offers better security features?
FastComet provides more advanced security features compared to 000webhost. FastComet includes unlimited Let’s Encrypt SSL certificates, daily malware scans, Cloudflare DNS and DDoS protection, and Imunify360 platform for enhanced security. Meanwhile, 000webhost offers SSL certificates for subdomains, multiple PHP versions, malware scanners, and DDoS protection.
What are the major differences in pricing and value between 000webhost and FastComet?
FastComet generally has a higher cost but offers more robust features, including advanced security measures, superior hardware, and comprehensive support. 000Webhost is more budget-friendly, especially with its free hosting plan that includes essential features but is limited in bandwidth and performance. For more extensive and high-performance options, FastComet provides better value.
Which hosting service offers more scalability options for growing websites?
FastComet offers more flexible scalability options compared to 000webhost. It supports seamless scalability for CPU, RAM, and storage with no downtime, allowing performance upgrades with a simple click. FastComet’s broad range of scalable hosting options makes it more suitable for growing websites.
Which service is more suitable for hosting a high-traffic website?
FastComet is more suitable for hosting high-traffic websites due to its VPS and dedicated hosting options. These plans come with advanced hardware technology, proactive monitoring, and superior load times, making it more capable of handling higher traffic efficiently compared to 000webhost.
The making of this blog
We followed a clear, step-by-step process to write and research this article.