Cloudways vs MonoVM: Final verdict
Comparing Cloudways and MonoVM, each excels in different aspects of web hosting but addresses distinct user needs.
-
Cloudways (Overall grade: 8.5)
delivers managed cloud hosting with exceptional uptime and performance, making it a strong choice for businesses prioritizing reliability and scalability. Its advanced tools, easy-to-use control panel, and robust caching strategies enhance website speed and overall efficiency. However, the absence of shared and VPS hosting might limit its appeal to some users. Despite these minor drawbacks, Cloudways is highly recommended for high-traffic websites, eCommerce, and development projects that require top-tier performance and flexibility.
MonoVM (Overall grade: 6.9)
provides solid web hosting services with competitive pricing, enterprise-level hardware, and a 99.99% uptime guarantee. It supports a variety of hosting types, including VPS and dedicated hosting, making it suitable for multimedia websites and businesses seeking diverse hosting solutions. However, MonoVM falls short in some features, like the lack of a website builder and explicit mention of advanced scaling solutions, which could be limiting for users aiming for rapid growth. Nonetheless, its global data center network and reliable infrastructure offer a dependable hosting experience for less demanding projects.
Overall grade:8.5 |
Overall grade:6.9 |
|
---|---|---|
Uptime and Availability | 9.5 | 8.6 |
Hosting Performance | 8.8 | 7.2 |
Hosting Security | 8.0 | 8.3 |
Price | 8.6 | 8.7 |
Hosting Features | 6.9 | 4.7 |
Ease Of Setup | 9.0 | 8.9 |
User Management | 8.2 | 0.0 |
Customer Support | 9.2 | 8.9 |
User feedback | 4.7/5 | 4.5/5 |
Hosting types offered
Both platforms provide a variety of hosting types, each designed to meet the different needs of users.
Shared hosting | ||
Cloud hosting | ||
WordPress hosting | ||
Ecommerce hosting | ||
VPS hosting | ||
Dedicated hosting |
Although both offer a variety of hosting plans tailored to different needs, in
certain cases, one platform may prove to be more suitable.
Detailed comparison
Uptime and availability
Evaluates the average uptime statistics, uptime guarantee and overall availability of the hosting
provider
Score Components:
- Uptime percentage (30%): evaluates the uptime statistics in given period of time
- Uptime guarantee (20%): Assesses if the platform offers an uptime guarantee and
whether the actual uptime matches the promised guarantee. - General performance (25%): Evaluates how fast is the average response time and overall
it’s stability. - Responsiveness (10%): Adaptability to different devices and screen sizes.
- Availability (25%): Reflects the total downtime and number of outages.
Winner Cloudways: Specialized in managed cloud hosting with top-tier performance and reliability.
Cloudways stands out due to its managed cloud hosting services that offer exceptional uptime and performance. With an uptime achievement of nearly perfect scores over the past three years and a commendable average server response time, Cloudways makes a compelling case for businesses that prioritize reliability. Its user-friendly control panel, performance optimization features, and multiple cloud infrastructure options further enhance its appeal.
MonoVM provides a solid web hosting service with a 99.99% uptime guarantee and uses enterprise-level hardware. Despite lacking some features such as a website builder and money-back guarantee, it offers competitive pricing and supports both Linux and Windows. MonoVM’s global data center network ensures high availability, making it a good choice for users seeking dependable hosting across various locations.
Which one has better hosting performance?
Score Components:
- Hosting speed (30%): This includes SSD quality, Load times, PageSpeed score ranges,
additional information on website speed, built-in plugins for performance enhancement, available caching
methods, and CPU/RAM options - CDN (20%): Considers whether CDN is available or not, whether it’s free or paid, and
the quality of the CDN service - Available data centers (30%): Evaluates the number of data centers and their locations
globally. - Scalibility (20%): Looks at whether elastic scaling is available, the process required
to scale (manual upgrade vs. automatic scaling), the presence of dedicated servers, and the costs
associated with scaling.
🏆 Winner Cloudways: Efficient and scalable hosting with superior speed and caching techniques.
When comparing the general performance of Cloudways and MonoVM, several factors stand out. Cloudways utilizes SSD drives, which are three times faster than HDDs, significantly enhancing website speed and performance. Their built-in advanced caching mechanisms like Memcached, Varnish, Nginx, and Redis help in achieving lightning-fast load times. MonoVM also uses enterprise-grade SSDs in a RAID10 configuration for both Windows and Linux hosting, ensuring reliable service. Both providers offer CDN services, but Cloudways includes Cloudflare Enterprise, providing a stronger defense against DDoS attacks. Regarding data centers, Cloudways partners with multiple cloud providers, offering a broader reach, while MonoVM’s data centers are equipped with the latest networking technologies for high uptime.
Website speed
Cloudways offers an optimized stack with NGINX, Apache, MySQL/MariaDB, and PHP-FPM, ensuring that high traffic and server requests are handled efficiently. With PHP 8.2 ready servers and auto-healing capabilities, Cloudways guarantees faster load times and more reliable performance. In contrast, MonoVM provides automated tools to improve load times, including backups, database updates, and broken link checks. While MonoVM ensures quality service with its enterprise-grade SSDs, Cloudways’ performance is enhanced by advanced caching strategies and optimized server stacks, contributing to better overall website speed.
Scalability
Cloudways shines in scalability with its vertical scaling capabilities. Users can easily scale up server resources such as RAM, CPU, and storage at minimal costs without needing to upgrade plans. Their 1-click actions for tasks like backup, restore, and cloning add to the ease of scaling. MonoVM offers automated server maintenance and database updates but doesn’t detail if scaling happens automatically or the costs involved. While both offer scalable solutions, Cloudways provides more transparency and user-friendly scaling options.
Which one has better security features?
and regulatory requirements
Score Components:
- Technical security measures (40%): This includes encryption, firewalls, DDoS
protection, secure configurations, server monitoring, access control and availability of security addons
(e.g Sitelock security). - Operational security measures (30%): Encompasses data privacy, backups and data
redundancy. - Compliance and certifications (20%): Adherence to legal and regulatory requirements
(e.g., GDPR, HIPAA) and possession of certifications (e.g., ISO 27001, SOC 2). - Business and reliability (10%): Factors in the provider’s reputation, uptime
guarantees, and customer support.
🏆 Winner
MonoVM: A well-rounded and efficient hosting service with a strong focus on robust security measures and regular backups.
Both Cloudways and MonoVM have notable differences in their approaches to technical and operational
security, as well as in their compliance with regulations.
Technical security measures:
Cloudways and MonoVM both offer impressive technical security measures. Cloudways provides free SSL certificates with a 1-click installation, supports the latest PHP versions, and employs server-level and platform-level firewalls. Additionally, it incorporates Fail2ban for login attempts and bot protection via MalCare. MonoVM also offers SSL certificates and the ability to manage TLS/SSL security. MonoVM includes Imunify 360 for comprehensive malware scanning and firewall protection, making its measures robust. Both services provide two-factor authentication and automatic updates, but Cloudways extends its technical measures into automated DDoS mitigation with Cloudflare Enterprise and regular security patches.
Operational security measures:
Operational security is another essential aspect, and both providers cater well to it. Cloudways features regular security patches, server OS updates, and the auto-healing server technology, providing continuous protection. It also offers SSH and SFTP access to safely update files. MonoVM excels with its daily, weekly, and monthly automatic backups, which ensure data restoration if necessary. Moreover, MonoVM’s logging and monitoring allow for real-time tracking of visitor stats and resource usage. While Cloudways focuses more on preventive measures, MonoVM ensures operational security with a balance of proactive and reactive strategies.
Compliance and certifications:
Cloudways relies on PCI-DSS compliant hardware from its cloud infrastructure providers though it doesn’t claim PCI-DSS compliance itself. It emphasizes GDPR compliance through its strong data protection practices. MonoVM, while not providing specific details on GDPR or PCI compliance, includes vital security measures like SSL certificates and data encryption that suggest high security standards are maintained. HIPAA compliance information is not provided for either hosting service.
SSL certificate |
Free 1-Click SSL |
Managed installation and configuration |
Additional security features |
Bot protection, DDoS mitigation |
Imunify 360, malware scanning |
PHP versions |
PHP 5.6 up to PHP 8.2 |
Different versions, specifics not provided |
GDPR compliance |
Strong data protection, implied |
Not specified |
HIPAA compliance |
Not specified |
Not specified |
PCI compliance |
Aligned with PCI-DSS hardware |
Not specified |
Hosting features
Score Components:
- Domains (20%): Assesses the availability of a free domain, domain purchase options, and
pricing - Email (15%): Considers if the provider offers full email hosting, or is reselling
third-party service, and if the email is only transactional or not - Website builder (15%): Checks if website builder is available, and it’s user
friendliness and overall the level of customization allowed. - Staging environment (20%): Determines if a staging environment is available, allowing
for testing changes before going live. - FTP & SFTP accounts (10%): Evaluates if and how easily users can access FTP and
SFTP accounts - Git and SSH access (20%): Assess whether Git is integrated into the hosting service and
if SSH access is provided
🏆 Winner Cloudways: A superb choice for those seeking a robust, flexible, and user-friendly hosting solution.
Cloudways and MonoVM offer a variety of features that cater to different user needs. Cloudways highlights flexibility and user-friendliness with features like 1-click actions, team collaboration, and SSH/SFTP access, making it perfect for developers and businesses needing high customization. It also offers free migration and automated backups, which can be a significant advantage for users lacking technical skills. MonoVM, meanwhile, emphasizes high-end hardware and solid performance with SSD RAID 10 technology and guaranteed 99.99% uptime. It provides a free domain registration and daily backups, along with a familiar cPanel for ease of use. One notable difference is that Cloudways lacks an explicit website builder, whereas MonoVM doesn’t mention one straightforwardly either, which doesn’t automatically set either apart in this aspect.
Another key difference lies in the support options and scalability. Cloudways offers remarkable scalability with its vertical scaling and no long-term contract system, making it a suitable choice for dynamically growing businesses. It also provides various security features like dedicated firewalls, 2FA, and IP whitelisting, ensuring robust protection of web assets. MonoVM offers automation for server maintenance tasks and database management, accompanied by a powerful firewall. Additionally, its support includes VIP service with certified IT experts available 24/7. Although both providers offer email hosting, Cloudways also extends email services via Rackspace Email Add-on and Elastic Email, along with transactional email capabilities. MonoVM may lack explicit mention of such add-ons but does provide mailbox management.
Free domain |
No |
Yes |
Free SSL |
Yes |
Yes |
Email hosting |
Rackspace Add-on |
Yes |
Website builder |
No |
No |
Staging environment |
Yes |
No |
FTP & SFTP accounts |
Yes |
Yes, likely |
Git and SSH access |
Yes |
Yes |
Free backup |
Yes |
Yes |
Money back guarantee |
No |
Not mentioned |
a location.
As a result in rare cases the features mentioned here can differ from the ones you see on their websites.
Both providers support a range of users from beginners to experts with user-friendly website builders and WordPress staging areas. However, in terms of developer tools, both Cloudways and MonoVM offer robust options including SSH access, support for multiple programming languages, and Git for version control, thus appealing to developers looking for advanced capabilities.
Email services:
Cloudways extends its email capabilities through services like Rackspace Email Add-on and Elastic Email, suitable for campaigns and transactional emails. MonoVM offers basic mailbox management and email hosting capabilities. Cloudways seems to provide a more comprehensive email solution, including external integrations for enhanced functionality, whereas MonoVM’s support indicates availability but lacks detailed transactional capabilities comparison.
Price
Score Components:
- Plan value (40%): What each pricing tier offers.
- Transparency and clarity (30%): Clearness of pricing structures.
- Flexibility of plans (20%): Range of options to suit different budgets.
- Hidden costs (10%): Additional expenses not included in the plan.
🏆 Winner MonoVM:Comprehensive support and enhanced features make it a top-choice for various hosting needs.
Evaluating the pricing of plans among various hosting providers can be complex due to their differing pricing and renewal strategies. Additionally, certain plans require annual commitments, which adds to the difficulty of making comparisons. The prices listed are based on monthly commitments; plans requiring annual commitments are indicated. Additionally, although some providers offer identical plans for WordPress and shared hosting, we have created separate tables for each to enhance clarity.
Comparing the pricing plans between Cloudways and MonoVM reveals several distinctions. MonoVM offers more budget-friendly options, especially for managed WordPress hosting, starting at just $8.33 per month with various added features such as monthly SSL certificates and VIP support. On the other hand, Cloudways has a wider range of cloud hosting options with scalable resources suitable for varied needs, starting at $11 per month for basic plans. MonoVM includes a comprehensive set of features, such as Imunify 360 and domain reputation reports, even in lower-tier plans, which gives it a slight edge for value.
DO1GB($11)
1 Website, 1 GB RAM, 1 Core Processor, 25 GB Storage, 1 TB Bandwidth, Basic Support
Value for price:8.0
|
Starter Managed Hosting($8.33)
1 Website, 5 GB Storage, Unlimited Traffic, VIP Support, Monthly SSL Certificate, Malware Scanning Value for price:9.0
|
DO2GB($24)
1 Website, 2 GB RAM, 1 Core Processor, 50 GB Storage, 2 TB Bandwidth, Basic Support
Value for price:7.5
|
Pro Managed Hosting($15.99)
2 Websites, 15 GB Storage, Unlimited Traffic, VIP Support, Monthly SSL Certificate, Malware Scanning Value for price:9.0
|
DO4GB($46)
1 Website, 4 GB RAM, 2 Cores Processor, 80 GB Storage, 4 TB Bandwidth, Basic Support Value for price:7.0
|
Premium Managed Hosting($22.41)
3 Websites, 25 GB Storage, Unlimited Traffic, VIP Support, Monthly SSL Certificate, Malware Scanning Value for price:8.0
|
DO8GB($88)
1 Website, 8 GB RAM, 4 Cores Processor, 160 GB Storage, 5 TB Bandwidth, Basic Support Value for price:7.0
|
Elite Managed Hosting($31.99)
4 Websites, 35 GB Storage, Unlimited Traffic, VIP Support, Monthly SSL Certificate, Malware Scanning Value for price:8.0
|
N/A |
WordPress Web Hosting Eco($2.99)
1 Website, 5 GB Storage, Unlimited Traffic, SSL Certificate Value for price:8.5
|
N/A |
WordPress Web Hosting Plus($3.99)
1 Website, 10 GB Storage, Unlimited Traffic, SSL Certificate, Free Domain Value for price:8.0
|
N/A |
WordPress Web Hosting Pro($4.99)
1 Website, 20 GB Storage, Unlimited Traffic, SSL Certificate, Free Domain, Litespeed Cache Value for price:8.0
|
N/A |
Linux Web Hosting Eco($2.09)
1 Website, 5 GB Storage, Free Data Transfer, SSL Certificate, 25 Sub Domains Value for price:7.5
|
N/A |
Linux Web Hosting Plus($2.99)
1 Website, 10 GB Storage, Free Data Transfer, SSL Certificate, Free Domain, 50 Sub Domains Value for price:8.0
|
N/A |
Linux Web Hosting Pro($3.99)
1 Website, 15 GB Storage, Free Data Transfer, SSL Certificate, Free Domain, Unlimited Sub Domains Value for price:8.0
|
N/A |
Linux Web Hosting Super($4.99)
1 Website, 20 GB Storage, Free Data Transfer, SSL Certificate, Free Domain, Unlimited Sub Domains Value for price:8.0
|
AWS Small($38.56)
1 Website, 2 GB RAM, 2 Cores Processor, 20 GB Storage, 2 GB Bandwidth, Basic Support Value for price:7.0
|
N/A |
AWS CO Large($164.50)
1 Website, 4 GB RAM, 2 Cores Processor, 20 GB Storage, 2 GB Bandwidth, Basic Support Value for price:6.5
|
N/A |
GCE Small($37.45)
1 Website, 1.75 GB RAM, 1 Core Processor, 20 GB Storage, 2 GB Bandwidth, Basic Support Value for price:7.0
|
N/A |
Vultr1GB($14)
1 Website, 1 GB RAM, 1 Core Processor, 25 GB Storage, 1 TB Bandwidth, Basic Support Value for price:8.0
|
N/A |
Lin1GB($14)
1 Website, 1 GB RAM, 1 Core Processor, 25 GB Storage, 1 TB Bandwidth, Basic Support Value for price:7.5
|
N/A |
Enterprise plans
For enterprises, Cloudways offers a substantial range of high-RAM and high-core options across its various cloud hosting providers like AWS, GCE, and Vultr, with prices scaling up to $3,569.98 per month. MonoVM, although primarily focused on budget-friendly options, provides comprehensive managed WordPress hosting plans with extensive support and features that could benefit enterprise-level websites.
Cloudways vs MonoVM: Ease of setup
platform.
Score Components:
- Site migration (25%): Assesses whether the provider offers tools for site migration,
either automated or manual, and whether these services are free or require a fee. - Admin panel usability (35%): Evaluates the type of admin panel provided, such as the
standard cPanel or a custom solution, focusing on its accessibility and user-friendliness for both
technical and non-technical users. - Setup features (20%): Examines the availability and ease of use of various setup
features, including FTP accounts, file managers, email account setup, PHPMyAdmin, and easy CDN
configuration. - Help center quality (20%): Measures the quality and accessibility of the provider’s
help center resources, including articles and tutorials.
🏆 Winner Cloudways: A highly user-friendly hosting provider with streamlined setup and robust support options.
Cloudways offers an intuitive control panel that simplifies server and application management. With 1-click actions for tasks like backup, restore, and application launches, it caters to both technical and non-technical users efficiently. The ease of use extends to features like pre-installed Git, SSH, and SFTP access. In contrast, MonoVM uses the standard cPanel, which is widely known in the industry but may not be as intuitive for beginners. While cPanel is feature-rich and powerful, it tends to be more complex, making it less accessible for users with limited technical knowledge.
Migration tools for both hosting providers ensure a mostly stress-free switch. Cloudways provides free migration for the first website, making it very appealing for new users. Their migration process is straightforward, and their team assists in the entire transfer, ensuring minimal downtime. MonoVM also offers website transfer assistance handled by their experts, making the migration process smooth. Both services make migrations hassle-free; however, free migration availability gives Cloudways a slight edge.
Both Cloudways and MonoVM provide comprehensive help centers. Cloudways offers a rich repository of articles and guides along with a 24/7 live chat and ticketing system for prompt responses. MonoVM, on the other hand, complements its knowledge base with popular blogs and 24/7 support. Each provider ensures their users have access to a range of articles and expert support whenever needed.
The platforms provide extensive knowledge bases filled with guides, how-to articles, and instructional content. Cloudways offers a rich repository of articles and guides along with a 24/7 live chat and ticketing system for prompt responses. MonoVM, on the other hand, complements its knowledge base with popular blogs and 24/7 support, ensuring comprehensive user support.
User management
accessibility.
Score Components:
- Role customization (40%): Flexibility in creating and defining user roles and
permissions. - Ease of management (30%): User interface and tools for managing users.
- Access control (20%): Effectiveness of access control measures for different user
levels. - Scalability (10%): Ability to manage a growing number of users efficiently.
🏆 Winner: Cloudways: Optimal user management and role assignment capabilities.
In comparing the user management features of Cloudways and MonoVM, Cloudways demonstrates clear strengths. Cloudways integrates its user management within the WordPress Admin Panel, allowing detailed control over user roles and permissions. Through straightforward steps, users can add, edit, delete, and change roles, ensuring tailored access based on specific responsibilities. In contrast, there is no specific information on MonoVM’s user management capabilities, making it less clear how well it facilitates detailed role and permission configurations.
Cloudways offers a user-friendly interface for managing users through the WordPress Admin Panel. Accessible via direct URL entry or through the Cloudways Platform, it provides a streamlined process. The steps involved in adding, editing, or deleting users are intuitive, with a designated area within the admin panel to handle all user-related actions efficiently. Without concrete details on MonoVM, it’s uncertain what tools or interface are available for user management, but the absence of this information puts it at a disadvantage.
When it comes to controlling access and managing a growing user base, Cloudways shines with its structured role-based system. It allows clear delineation of tasks and permissions, such as distinguishing between content creators and system administrators. The ability to handle numerous users without compatibility issues highlights its scalability. MonoVM’s effectiveness in this area remains unknown due to the lack of detailed information, making Cloudways the more reliable choice for handling large numbers of users with diverse roles.
Cloudways User Roles Table:
Role | Description | Access Highlights |
---|---|---|
Super Admin | Full access to the website | Controls entire website, including network administrative features |
Administrator | Complete admin privileges | Manages site settings, plugins, themes, users, and more |
Editor | Manages content | Can create, edit, publish their and other users’ posts |
Author | Creates and manages own posts | Can create, edit, and publish their posts only |
Contributor | Can write and edit but not publish | Able to create and edit their posts; publishing requires admin approval |
Subscriber | Manages their own profile | Can only edit their profile and view content applicable to their access level |
Customer support
hosting provider.
Score Components:
- Support communication channels (30%): Measures the variety of customer support types
provided (live chat, chatbot, email, phone, etc.) - Availability (20%): Assesses the availability hours for each channel, including 24/7
support options. - Technical support quality (30%): Assesses whether the provider offers comprehensive
technical support, including hardware upgrades (e.g., HDD to SSD), software installations, and web
server configuration changes. - Enterprise support (20%): Checks if there are dedicated or priority support services
for enterprise-level customers.
🏆 Winner Cloudways: Cloudways stands out with its extensive customer support options, comprehensive features, and dedicated premium service.
Phone support |
||
Live chat support |
||
Chatbot |
||
Email/ticket support |
||
Enterprise support (dedicated agent, priority support) |
The comparison of Cloudways and MonoVM highlights some key differences in their customer support offerings. Both providers offer 24/7/365 support via email and live chat. Cloudways goes further by providing an extensive array of support channels such as private Slack channels, especially when opting for their premium add-on packages. The inclusion of proactive monitoring and customization support underlines Cloudways’ commitment to high-quality customer service.
On the other hand, MonoVM provides a solid range of support services, including VIP support for certain hosting types. Their focus is on covering broad aspects of site management, including server configurations, SSL installation, and malware scanning. The absence of a dedicated enterprise support option such as a dedicated account manager may be a limitation for businesses needing more personalized support, giving Cloudways an edge in this comparison.
Cloudways vs MonoVM: User feedback
User feedback for this hosting provider is predominantly positive, highlighting easy-to-use interface and robust customer support as key strengths. Users appreciate the intuitive platform, simplified server management, and various performance-boosting features, making it ideal for both personal and client projects. However, some users noted challenges for those with limited technical knowledge and expressed concerns about pricing, lack of email hosting, and occasional user interface issues. Overall, the strong support and fast, reliable performance make it a favored choice despite minor drawbacks.
MonoVM is recognized for offering an affordable array of services, including VPS hosting, web hosting, domain registration, and SSL certificates. Users appreciate its reliability and the user-friendly interfaces that ease account management and support access. However, some customers note that MonoVM lacks certain advanced features and customization options, particularly in higher-tier plans, and may experience limitations in resource scaling and upgrading. Additionally, there are mentions of compromised customer support quality.
Cloudways vs MonoVM: FAQ
Which platform is better suited for hosting WordPress websites?
Cloudways is superior for hosting WordPress websites due to its advanced tools, PHP 8 readiness, and SafeUpdates which enhance performance and security. MonoVM also offers WordPress hosting, but Cloudways stands out with features tailored specifically for WordPress environments. Cloudways is the preferred choice for users seeking optimized WordPress hosting solutions.
Which hosting service offers better security features?
Both Cloudways and MonoVM provide robust security features, but Cloudways has an edge with DDoS mitigation via Cloudflare Enterprise and comprehensive server-level and platform-level firewalls. MonoVM includes Imunify 360 for malware scanning and uses SSL certificates, but lacks some of the advanced protections offered by Cloudways. Overall, Cloudways is slightly better in terms of advanced security features.
Which platform offers better customer support?
Cloudways offers more comprehensive customer support options, including 24/7 live chat, phone support, email support, and private Slack channels for premium users. MonoVM provides 24/7 live chat and email support, but lacks dedicated enterprise support like Cloudways. Therefore, Cloudways provides superior customer support through a broader range of channels.
Which hosting service offers more scalability options for growing websites?
Cloudways excels in scalability with its vertical scaling capabilities allowing users to scale resources like RAM, CPU, and storage easily without changing plans. MonoVM offers server maintenance and database updates but lacks detailed information on automatic scalability and associated costs. Cloudways provides clearer and more user-friendly scalability options for growing websites.
What are the differences in the control panels offered by each hosting service?
Cloudways offers a custom control panel designed for ease of use with 1-click actions for tasks like backup, restore, and application launches, catering to both technical and non-technical users. MonoVM uses the standard cPanel, which is powerful and feature-rich but may be more complex for beginners. Cloudways stands out for its user-friendly and intuitive control panel.
The making of this blog
We followed a clear, step-by-step process to write and research this article.