Hostinger vs Name.com: Final verdict
Looking over Hostinger vs. Name.com, these two web hosting services cater to different needs and strengths.
-
Hostinger (Overall grade: 8.7)
stands out with its diverse range of hosting plans, superior speed optimizations, and competitive pricing. It offers a user-friendly hPanel interface, making it an excellent choice for beginners and seasoned developers alike. The platform’s advanced security features, extensive scalability options, and 24/7 multilingual support make it a robust hosting solution. However, some users have noted higher renewal rates and occasional slow support response times as potential drawbacks. Overall, Hostinger provides exceptional value with included features like free SSL certificates, free domains, and automated backups, positioning it as a strong contender for various hosting needs.
Name.com (Overall grade: 7.3)
excels in providing reliable and straightforward hosting, particularly appreciated for its simplicity and ease of use. Utilizing cPanel, Name.com ensures users a familiar and manageable environment, with strong uptime and reliable performance. Their hosting plans are straightforward, with commendable email hosting services and free daily automated backups. Nevertheless, Name.com falls short in advanced performance optimizations and does not offer as extensive security measures or scalability options as Hostinger. User reviews indicate mixed experiences, especially concerning customer support and advanced hosting features. Despite these limitations, Name.com remains a dependable choice, especially for domain-related services and straightforward hosting solutions.
Overall grade:8.7 |
Overall grade:7.3 |
|
---|---|---|
Uptime and Availability | 9.2 | 9.5 |
Hosting Performance | 9.0 | 8.3 |
Hosting Security | 8.4 | 8.2 |
Price | 8.8 | 8.8 |
Hosting Features | 8.3 | 7.4 |
Ease Of Setup | 9.0 | 8.2 |
User Management | 8.2 | 0.0 |
Customer Support | 8.3 | 8.2 |
User feedback | 4.4/5 | 2.7/5 |
Hosting types offered
Both platforms provide a variety of hosting types, each designed to meet the different needs of users.
Shared hosting | ||
Cloud hosting | ||
WordPress hosting | ||
Ecommerce hosting | ||
VPS hosting | ||
Dedicated hosting |
Although both offer a variety of hosting plans tailored to different needs, in
certain cases, one platform may prove to be more suitable.
Detailed comparison
Uptime and availability
Evaluates the average uptime statistics, uptime guarantee and overall availability of the hosting
provider
Score Components:
- Uptime percentage (30%): evaluates the uptime statistics in given period of time
- Uptime guarantee (20%): Assesses if the platform offers an uptime guarantee and
whether the actual uptime matches the promised guarantee. - General performance (25%): Evaluates how fast is the average response time and overall
it’s stability. - Responsiveness (10%): Adaptability to different devices and screen sizes.
- Availability (25%): Reflects the total downtime and number of outages.
🏆 Winner
Name.com: Offers superior uptime and faster response times for reliable hosting.
In the realm of uptime and availability, Name.com clearly outshines Hostinger. Name.com guarantees an impressive 99.99% uptime with an average response time of 220ms. Hostinger, although promising a 99.9% uptime guarantee and delivering an average uptime of 99.97%, doesn’t match the near-perfect reliability of Name.com. With only 1 minute of downtime recorded in monitored tests, Name.com proves more dependable for site owners looking for consistent performance.
Both Hostinger and Name.com provide solid security features such as automated backups and spam protection, but Name.com’s intuitive design editor and easy cPanel integration offer a better user experience. While Hostinger excels with 24/7 customer support promising issue resolution within 3 minutes and additional safety features like DDoS protection and a malware scanner, Name.com’s user-friendly management tools cater well to beginners. The slight edge in uptime and response times makes Name.com the preferred choice for those prioritizing site availability and performance.
Which one has better hosting performance?
Score Components:
- Hosting speed (30%): This includes SSD quality, Load times, PageSpeed score ranges,
additional information on website speed, built-in plugins for performance enhancement, available caching
methods, and CPU/RAM options - CDN (20%): Considers whether CDN is available or not, whether it’s free or paid, and
the quality of the CDN service - Available data centers (30%): Evaluates the number of data centers and their locations
globally. - Scalibility (20%): Looks at whether elastic scaling is available, the process required
to scale (manual upgrade vs. automatic scaling), the presence of dedicated servers, and the costs
associated with scaling.
Winner Hostinger: Hostinger offers superior speed and optimal features for performance-focused web hosting.
When comparing general performance, Hostinger stands out with its NVMe storage, high-speed CPUs, and large amounts of RAM that ensure fast website loading times. It also offers the LiteSpeed Web Server and LSCWP Cache Plugin for additional performance boosting. Hostinger provides a robust CDN and multiple global data centers, enhancing content delivery speed. Name.com also performs well with 2nd gen Intel Xeon Scalable processors and server monitoring but lacks some of the advanced performance optimizations and caching methods available with Hostinger. Though Name.com uses DigitalOcean’s cloud hosting and maintains global data centers, the detailed speed enhancement technologies and user support are more notable at Hostinger.
Website Speed
In terms of website speed, Hostinger promises 4X more speed with its high-speed CPUs and 99.9% uptime guarantee. The inclusion of the Hostinger CDN improves website speed score by up to 40%, aided by minification, rerouting, and automatic image optimization. The LiteSpeed Web Server and LSCWP Cache Plugin further elevate the performance. Name.com, on the other hand, leverages DigitalOcean’s cloud infrastructure, which provides stiff competition in terms of reliability. However, it lacks specialized speed-enhancing plugins and optimizations, making Hostinger the better option for rapid page loads and lower latency.
Scalability
Hostinger offers elastic scalability with its various cloud hosting plans, where users can choose between different levels for different needs, including upgrades for more RAM, CPU, and storage. Name.com also provides excellent scalability, allowing easy upgrades for memory and disk space. Both providers do not automatically scale resources, so plan upgrades are necessary. However, Hostinger’s scaling costs seem more transparent with tiered options, whereas detailed scaling costs for Name.com are not explicitly provided. Neither provider explicitly mentions dedicated servers in the provided information.
By emphasizing performance-centric features, Hostinger sets itself apart, making it the preferred hosting choice.
Which one has better security features?
and regulatory requirements
Score Components:
- Technical security measures (40%): This includes encryption, firewalls, DDoS
protection, secure configurations, server monitoring, access control and availability of security addons
(e.g Sitelock security). - Operational security measures (30%): Encompasses data privacy, backups and data
redundancy. - Compliance and certifications (20%): Adherence to legal and regulatory requirements
(e.g., GDPR, HIPAA) and possession of certifications (e.g., ISO 27001, SOC 2). - Business and reliability (10%): Factors in the provider’s reputation, uptime
guarantees, and customer support.
🏆 Winner
Hostinger: Provides extensive security features and robust monitoring for a secure hosting environment.
Both Hostinger and Name.com, have notable differences in their approaches to technical and operational
security, as well as in their compliance with regulations.
Technical security measures:
Hostinger boasts 24/7 server monitoring, firewall protection, and advanced security modules like mod_security. It also includes Anti-Malware Protection and Enhanced DDoS Protection. Name.com provides SSL categories such as DV, OV, and EV, along with automated backups and SSH access. Both offer PHP version control, but Hostinger allows users to select different PHP versions more explicitly. Hostinger’s malware scanner and Cloudflare-protected nameservers add a significant layer of security.
Operational security measures:
Hostinger employs a dedicated internal security team and continuously updates security patches. It also has a Responsible Disclosure Policy and applies OWASP secure coding practices. Name.com offers regular monitoring and spam protection, along with secure email encryption. Hostinger’s Two-Factor Authentication and Secure Access Manager ensure secure access management. Name.com includes features like HTTP/2 support and password-protected directories but does not emphasize internal policies as strongly as Hostinger.
Compliance and certifications:
Hostinger complies with GDPR but does not provide a PCI or HIPAA-compliant environment and lacks ISO 27001 and SOC certifications. Name.com adheres to GDPR and hints at PCI compliance through secure data handling practices but doesn’t specify HIPAA compliance. Both hostings ensure GDPR adherence, but Hostinger additionally promotes a bug reward program for enhanced security compliance.
SSL certificate |
Free SSL Certificates |
DV, OV, EV SSL Certificates |
Additional security features |
DDoS Protection, Cloudflare Nameservers, Malware Scanner |
Secure Email Encryption, Spam Protection, HTTP/2 Support |
PHP versions |
Version Control |
PHP 7.0 to 8.0+ |
GDPR compliance |
Yes |
Yes |
HIPAA compliance |
No |
Not specified |
PCI compliance |
No |
Not specified |
Hosting features
Score Components:
- Domains (20%): Assesses the availability of a free domain, domain purchase options, and
pricing - Email (15%): Considers if the provider offers full email hosting, or is reselling
third-party service, and if the email is only transactional or not - Website builder (15%): Checks if website builder is available, and it’s user
friendliness and overall the level of customization allowed. - Staging environment (20%): Determines if a staging environment is available, allowing
for testing changes before going live. - FTP & SFTP accounts (10%): Evaluates if and how easily users can access FTP and
SFTP accounts - Git and SSH access (20%): Assess whether Git is integrated into the hosting service and
if SSH access is provided
🏆 Winner Hostinger: Superior overall performance with advanced features and user-friendly tools.
Hostinger and Name.com both offer robust hosting solutions but cater to slightly different user needs. Hostinger shines with its custom-built hPanel control panel and intuitive drag-and-drop website builder, making it ideal for beginners who prefer user-friendly tools. The host’s advanced security features, such as Imunify360 for malware monitoring and Cloudflare DNS Firewall protection, offer peace of mind. Free daily backups, a free domain, and an SSL certificate are included in most plans, making Hostinger excellent value for money. The availability of SSH access and multiple PHP versions provide flexibility for developers, and the option to scale to cloud or VPS hosting ensures that Hostinger can grow with your business.
Name.com, while also reliable, focuses on simplicity and ease of use. The cPanel interface and simple one-click setup for popular CMS like WordPress cater to those who need to get started quickly and without fuss. The free automated backups every 48 hours and password-protected directories enhance data safety. Name.com also supports unlimited FTP accounts and SFTP access, useful for developers needing to manage multiple sites or collaborators. However, some features like free domain and SSL are not as prevalent in their offerings. With its robust WordPress hosting and DigitalOcean-powered cloud services, Name.com is a solid choice for users needing reliable, straightforward hosting solutions.
Free domain |
Yes, for the first year |
No |
Free SSL |
Yes |
Yes |
Email hosting |
Yes |
Yes |
Website builder |
Yes |
No |
Staging environment |
No |
No |
FTP & SFTP accounts |
Yes |
Yes |
Git and SSH access |
Yes |
Yes |
Free backup |
Yes |
Yes |
Money back guarantee |
Yes |
Yes |
a location.
As a result in rare cases the features mentioned here can differ from the ones you see on their websites.
Both providers support a range of users from beginners to experts with user-friendly website builders and WordPress staging areas. However, in terms of developer tools, both Hostinger and Name.com offer robust options including SSH access, support for multiple programming languages, and Git for version control, thus appealing to developers looking for advanced capabilities.
Email services:
Hostinger provides multilingual 24/7 support for email hosting, including secure email encryption and spam protection, ideal for small businesses or personal projects. Name.com’s email services include up to 100+ email accounts with enterprise-level web stats and webmail interface. Both providers offer secure email encryption, but Hostinger edges out with more comprehensive email hosting solutions that integrate with its overall hosting plan offerings.
Price
Score Components:
- Plan value (40%): What each pricing tier offers.
- Transparency and clarity (30%): Clearness of pricing structures.
- Flexibility of plans (20%): Range of options to suit different budgets.
- Hidden costs (10%): Additional expenses not included in the plan.
🏆 Winner
Hostinger: Hostinger scores slightly higher overall, mainly due to the robust features included in their plans and the transparency of what’s included.
Evaluating the pricing of plans among various hosting providers can be complex due to their differing pricing and renewal strategies. Additionally, certain plans require annual commitments, which adds to the difficulty of making comparisons. The prices listed are based on monthly commitments; plans requiring annual commitments are indicated. Additionally, although some providers offer identical plans for WordPress and shared hosting, we have created separate tables for each to enhance clarity.
Both Hostinger and Name.com provide a range of hosting plans, each featuring unique offerings and competitive pricing. Hostinger offers affordable entry-level plans with extensive features, including free domains and SSL certificates on most plans, while Name.com introduces plans with more flexibility concerning email accounts and disk space. Hostinger’s most appealing plans are the Premium Web Hosting at $2.99/mo and Cloud Startup at $9.99/mo, which offer extensive resources and unique perks. Name.com’s attractive plans include the Personal Plan Web Hosting at $6/mo and the Digital Ocean 25GB Droplet at $6.00/mo. In comparison, Hostinger’s plans provide more robust features and add-ons beneficial for scalability and enhanced website performance.
Premium $7.99/mo
100 websites, 100GB SSD storage, 100 email addresses, unlimited bandwidth, WordPress-specific features, free domain and SSL. Value for price:9.0
|
WordPress Hosting $2.50/mo
Unlimited storage, unlimited bandwidth, one-click installation, free daily backups, free Let’s Encrypt SSL. Value for price:8.5
|
Business $8.99/mo
100 websites, 200GB NVMe storage, 100 email addresses, unlimited bandwidth, enhanced WordPress features, free domain and SSL. Value for price:9.5
|
N/A
Value for price:N/A
|
Cloud Startup $19.99/mo
300 websites, 200GB NVMe storage, 100 email addresses, unlimited bandwidth, advanced WordPress features, free domain and SSL. Value for price:9.5
|
N/A
Value for price:N/A
|
Single Hosting $3.99/mo
1 website, 50GB SSD storage, 1 email account, 100GB bandwidth, free domain and SSL. Value for price:8.5
|
Personal Plan $7/mo
1 website, 10GB disk space, 100 email accounts, 10 MySql DB, free Let’s Encrypt SSL. Value for price:7.5
|
Premium Web Hosting $7.99/mo
100 websites, 100GB SSD storage, unlimited bandwidth, free domain and SSL, weekly backups. Value for price:9.0
|
Premium Plan $11/mo
25 websites, 100GB disk space, unlimited email accounts, 50 MySql DB, free Let’s Encrypt SSL. Value for price:8.5
|
Business Web Hosting $8.99/mo
100 websites, 200GB NVMe storage, unlimited bandwidth, free domain and SSL, daily and on-demand backups. Value for price:9.0
|
Business Plan $18/mo
Unlimited websites, unlimited disk space, unlimited email accounts, unlimited MySql DB, free Let’s Encrypt SSL. Value for price:8.5
|
Cloud Startup $19.99/mo
300 websites, 200GB NVMe storage, 2,000,000 inodes, unlimited bandwidth, free domain and SSL. Value for price:9.0
|
Digital Ocean 25GB Droplet $6.00/mo
1 website, 25GB SSD storage, 1 GB memory, 1,000 GB transfer, backups ($2.00/mo). Value for price:7.0
|
Cloud Professional $32.99/mo
300 websites, 250GB NVMe storage, 4 CPU cores, unlimited bandwidth, free domain and SSL, daily backups, enhanced security features. Value for price:9.5
|
Digital Ocean 50GB Droplet $12.00/mo
1 website, 50GB SSD storage, 2 GB memory, 2 TB transfer, backups ($4.00/mo). Value for price:7.0
|
Cloud Enterprise $54.99/mo
300 websites, 300GB NVMe storage, 6 CPU cores, unlimited bandwidth, free domain and SSL, daily backups, enterprise-grade security features. Value for price:9.0
|
Digital Ocean 80GB Droplet $24.00/mo
1 website, 80GB SSD storage, 4 GB memory, 4 TB transfer, backups ($8.00/mo). Value for price:7.5
|
As a result in rare cases the prices displayed here can differ from the ones you see on their websites.
Enterprise plans
Hostinger offers the Cloud Enterprise plan at $54.99/mo, which includes 300 websites, 300GB NVMe storage, 12 GB RAM, 6 CPU cores, unlimited bandwidth, and daily backups. It’s tailored for high-demand enterprises requiring extensive resources and enhanced security features. Name.com’s high-tier plans, such as the Digital Ocean 320GB Droplet at $96.00/mo, provide 320GB SSD storage, 16 GB memory, 8 VCPUS, and 6 TB transfer. Name.com’s offering ensures significant storage and data transfer capabilities, geared towards enterprises with high performance and capacity needs.
Hostinger vs Name.com: Ease of setup
platform.
Score Components:
- Site migration (25%): Assesses whether the provider offers tools for site migration,
either automated or manual, and whether these services are free or require a fee. - Admin panel usability (35%): Evaluates the type of admin panel provided, such as the
standard cPanel or a custom solution, focusing on its accessibility and user-friendliness for both
technical and non-technical users. - Setup features (20%): Examines the availability and ease of use of various setup
features, including FTP accounts, file managers, email account setup, PHPMyAdmin, and easy CDN
configuration. - Help center quality (20%): Measures the quality and accessibility of the provider’s
help center resources, including articles and tutorials.
🏆 Winner Hostinger: Streamlined and user-friendly web hosting with excellent migration and support features.
Hostinger uses a custom-built admin panel called hPanel, specifically designed for ease of use. Its intuitive interface allows even non-technical users to manage tasks such as setting up email addresses, installing content management systems, and utilizing the website builder. The availability of over 100 one-click app installations further simplifies the setup process, ensuring a smooth experience from the get-go. Moreover, automated updates for WordPress and other applications reduce the hassle of manual maintenance.
Name.com, on the other hand, offers a standard cPanel for admin management, known for its reliability and broad usage. The interface is generally user-friendly, providing simple, one-click setups for connecting domains with content management systems, including WordPress. It includes support for themes and plugins and free daily automated backups, ensuring quick recovery if needed. While cPanel is quite accessible, it might require a slight learning curve for those who are entirely new to hosting management.
Both hosting providers offer tools for website migration. Hostinger provides free automatic website migration with no downtime, making it exceptionally appealing for users who want a seamless transition to their platform. Name.com offers support through its Knowledge Base articles for migration, but it does not specify any automatic or free migration services, making the process possibly more complex for users.
Hostinger’s Help Center stands out with 24/7 multilingual support via live chat and email, along with an extensive database of tutorials and video guides through the Hostinger Academy. The comprehensive guides cover a wide array of topics, offering thorough assistance to users of all skill levels. In contrast, Name.com offers a detailed Knowledge Base categorized into various topics and live chat with a virtual bot available outside business hours. Support tickets can also be submitted for personalized assistance. While both provide solid support options, Hostinger’s round-the-clock availability gives it an edge.
The platforms provide extensive knowledge bases filled with guides, how-to articles, and instructional content. Hostinger offers a wide range of resources alongside 24/7 chat and phone support. Name.com also boasts a detailed help center with an intuitive search function and around-the-clock support via live chat, phone, and ticketing, ensuring comprehensive user support.
User management
accessibility.
Score Components:
- Role customization (40%): Flexibility in creating and defining user roles and
permissions. - Ease of management (30%): User interface and tools for managing users.
- Access control (20%): Effectiveness of access control measures for different user
levels. - Scalability (10%): Ability to manage a growing number of users efficiently.
🏆 Winner Hostinger: Provides comprehensive and efficient user management capabilities with detailed access controls.
Hostinger clearly outperforms Name.com in the realm of user management, particularly in the flexibility and detail it offers with user roles and permissions. With Hostinger, users can easily onboard new clients, assign different access levels, and manage a wide array of settings from a centralized interface. The specific steps for adding clients and the delineation of access levels in Hostinger’s hPanel are well-documented and easy to follow, which helps streamline the process significantly. Conversely, Name.com lacks publicly available information on user management, making it challenging to assess or even compare any features they might offer in this regard.
Hostinger’s user interface for managing users is structured around its intuitive hPanel, where everything from adding new clients to managing domains is at your fingertips. The platform offers a clear and navigable experience that facilitates both minor adjustments and complex configurations without confusion. On the other hand, Name.com’s interface details are not documented in the provided context, leaving potential users without a clear understanding of its usability and comprehensiveness.
In terms of access control measures and scalability, Hostinger has distinct capabilities. The restrictions on users with granted access ensure that account security is maintained, and the structured method for revoking access supports effective user management as businesses grow. Hostinger’s centralized management allows for streamlined operations—an essential feature for expanding companies. In contrast, with no detailed information about Name.com’s user management protocols, it’s impossible to evaluate its effectiveness in these areas.
Hostinger User Roles Table
Role | Description | Access Highlights |
---|---|---|
Manage services | Modify files and websites, manage VPS, and change hosting-related settings | Permissions for file modification, website management, VPS management, and other hosting configurations |
Manage services and make purchases | In addition to managing services, users can make purchases | All features of “Manage services” role plus the ability to purchase new hosting plans or domains |
Customer support
hosting provider.
Score Components:
- Support communication channels (30%): Measures the variety of customer support types
provided (live chat, chatbot, email, phone, etc.) - Availability (20%): Assesses the availability hours for each channel, including 24/7
support options. - Technical support quality (30%): Assesses whether the provider offers comprehensive
technical support, including hardware upgrades (e.g., HDD to SSD), software installations, and web
server configuration changes. - Enterprise support (20%): Checks if there are dedicated or priority support services
for enterprise-level customers.
🏆 Winner Hostinger: Offering top-tier, 24/7 live chat support and swift problem resolution in under 3 minutes.
Phone Support |
||
Live Chat Support |
(12am to 5pm MST) |
|
Chatbot |
(5pm to 12am MST) |
|
Email/Ticket Support |
||
Enterprise Support (Dedicated Agent, Priority Support) |
Hostinger excels in providing comprehensive customer service with 24/7 live chat support and an impressive response time of under 3 minutes. They also offer rich knowledge base resources, Hostinger Academy video tutorials, and multilingual support. Priority support is available with certain premium plans, providing an additional layer of dedicated service. For general queries, they facilitate easy communication through email support with various specific addresses for different concerns.
Name.com, on the other hand, offers a balanced mix of live chat support, but only within a limited time window daily, complemented by a virtual bot when live chat is not available. Their phone support is available during both business and non-business hours, and they provide a similar comprehensive knowledge base. The support ticket system and active presence on social media channels also enhance their accessibility. However, unlike Hostinger, they do not offer priority support for enterprise-level customers.
Hostinger vs Name.com: User feedback
Hostinger receives high praise for its user-friendly interface, competitive pricing, and robust performance. Customers appreciate the wide range of features, including seamless website migration, the intuitive hPanel, and excellent uptime. The standout feature, consistently mentioned across reviews, is the exceptional and responsive customer support available 24/7 via live chat, although some users express a desire for phone support. On the downside, a few customers report issues with renewal pricing, occasional slow support response times, and the limitations of the lower-tier plans.
User feedback for the hosting provider reveals a mixed bag of experiences. While many users appreciate the straightforward domain registration process, easy-to-use interface, and competitive pricing, there are significant concerns regarding customer service. Negative reviews often highlight slow response times, unhelpful support, and issues with account management. Users also express dissatisfaction with hosting services, citing technical difficulties and a lack of advanced features. However, some long-term users remain loyal, finding the platform reliable for domain-related solutions despite its shortcomings in customer support.
Hostinger vs Name.com: FAQ
Which platform is better suited for hosting WordPress websites?
Both Hostinger and Name.com are well-suited for hosting WordPress websites, offering comprehensive WordPress hosting with useful tools and 1-click installations. Hostinger stands out with its superior support and advanced features, making it slightly preferable for businesses with more complex needs. Ultimately, both platforms are tied in this category, making either a viable option depending on specific requirements.
Are both platforms suitable for beginners?
Yes, both platforms are suitable for beginners. Hostinger offers a user-friendly hPanel interface and a drag-and-drop website builder, which simplifies setup and management tasks for new users. Name.com provides the familiar cPanel environment and simple one-click installations for popular CMS, making it easy for those with basic knowledge to get started.
Which hosting service offers more scalability options for growing websites?
Hostinger offers more extensive scalability options for growing websites, with various cloud hosting plans that include upgrades for RAM, CPU, and storage. Their tiered options provide transparent scaling costs, making it easier for users to plan their upgrades. Name.com also provides scalability but does not explicitly detail the costs, making Hostinger the preferable choice for clear and comprehensive scalability options.
Which platform offers better customer support?
Hostinger offers superior customer support with 24/7 live chat, email support, and extensive knowledge base resources, including tutorials and video guides through Hostinger Academy. Name.com provides live chat support within a limited daily window, detailed Knowledge Base articles, and phone support, but does not match Hostinger’s round-the-clock availability and swift response times.
What are the differences in the control panels offered by each hosting service?
Hostinger uses a custom-built hPanel designed for ease of use, featuring intuitive management for hosting-related tasks and over 100 one-click app installations. Name.com uses the standard cPanel, known for its reliability and simple interface, offering easy connectivity with popular CMS and basic hosting functions. While cPanel is user-friendly, hPanel’s tailored design provides a slightly better experience for beginners.
The making of this blog
We followed a clear, step-by-step process to write and research this article.